Teori Implementasi Kebijakan Grindle Part 1

Implementasi kebijakan mencakup serangkaian kegiatan yang timbul sesudah disahkan pedoman-pedoman kebijakan negara. Dalam konteks ini, Grindle (1980:6) mengemukakan :
In general, the last of implementation into establish a link that allows the goals of public politics policies to be realized as outcomes of governmental activity. It involves, therefore, the creation of a “policy delivery system”, I which specific means are designed and pursued in the expectation of arriving at particular ends. Thus, public policies—board statements of goals, objectives, and means—are translated into action programs that aim to achieve the ends stated in the policy. It is apparent, then, that a variety of programs may be developed in response to the same policy goals. Action programs themselves may be disaggregated into more specific projects to be administered. The intent of action programs and individual projects is to cause a change in the policy environment, a change that can be considered an outcome of the program.

Menurut Grindle, secara umum, yang terakhir implementasi dalam membangun jaringan yang memungkinkan tujuan politik kebijakan publik direalisasikan sebagai hasil dari kegiatan pemerintah. Ini melibatkan, oleh karena itu, pembentukan "sistem pengiriman kebijakan", yang berarti secara khusus dirancang dan dicapai dengan harapan tiba pada ujung tertentu. Dengan demikian, kebijakan public mencakup pernyataan tujuan, sasaran, dan sarana-dijabarkan ke dalam program aksi yang bertujuan untuk mencapai tujuan yang dinyatakan dalam kebijakan. Hal ini jelas bahwa berbagai program dapat dikembangkan untuk menanggapi kebijakan dan tujuan yang sama. Program aksi itu sendiri dapat dibedakan menjadi proyek-proyek yang lebih spesifik. Tujuan program aksi dan proyek individu untuk terjadinya perubahan dalam lingkungan kebijakan, perubahan yang dapat dianggap sebagai hasil dari program. Sementara itu mengacu pada perbedaan di antara kebijakan dan program, Grindle (1980:6) menjelaskan :

The distinction made here between policy and program implies that policy implementation is a function of program implementation and is dependent upon its outcomes. As a consequence, the study of the process of policy implementation almost necessarily involves investigation and analysis of concrete action programs that have been designed as a means of achieving broader policy goals.

Perbedaan di antara kebijakan dan program menyiratkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan merupakan fungsi dari pelaksanaan program dan tergantung pada hasilnya. Akibatnya, studi tentang proses pelaksanaan kebijakan hampir selalu melibatkan investigasi dan analisis program aksi yang telah dirancang sebagai sarana untuk mencapai tujuan kebijakan yang lebih luas. Grindle (1980:6) mengatakan :

Such a clear distinction between policy and program is difficult to maintain in practice, however. It is to some degree obscured by the variety of levels at which the term “policy” is often used. A general statement that the agricultural policy of the government is to increase productivity may be translated into a policy of providing government aid to commercially oriented small farmers. This in turn may be translated into a policy of providing irrigation and transportation facilities to these individuals. In addition, because policy implementation is considered to depend on program outcomes, it is difficult to separate the fate of policies from that of their constituent programs. Moreover, to say that policy implementation depends upon program implementation assumes that the programs are in fact appropriately geared to achieving the goals of the policy, an assumption not always boner out in practice.